An adult bird which has been beak-trimmed as a chick Debeaking, is the partial removal of the of, especially and although it may also be performed on and. Most commonly, the beak is shortened permanently, although regrowth can occur.
The trimmed lower beak is somewhat longer than the upper beak. Beak trimming is most common in egg-laying strains of chickens. In some countries such as the United States, turkeys routinely have their beaks trimmed, however, in the UK, only 10% of turkeys are beak trimmed. Beak trimming is a preventive measure to reduce damage caused by injurious pecking such as, and, and thereby improve livability.
Commercial broiler chickens are not routinely beak trimmed as they reach slaughter weight at approximately 6 weeks of age, i.e. Before injurious pecking usually begins. However, broiler breeding stock may be trimmed to prevent damage during mating.
In some countries, beak trimming is done as a last resort where alternatives are considered not to be possible or appropriate. Proponents of beak trimming state that the practice reduces problem pecking by minor amounts compared to the trauma, injury, and harm done to the entire flock by beak trimming.
Reduction is in single digit percentiles, whereas improvement of conditions especially in layer colonies will cease problematic behavior entirely. – Beak trimming has been banned in Switzerland since 1992 and will be phased out in Germany by 2017. In close confinement, feather pecking and aggression are common among turkeys, and egg laying strains of chickens of many breeds (including both heritage breeds and modern ). The tendency to cannibalism and feather pecking varies among different strains of chickens, but does not manifest itself consistently. Some flocks of the same breed may be entirely free from cannibalism, while others, under the same management, may have a serious outbreak. Mortalities mainly due to cannibalism can be up to 15% in egg laying flocks housed in aviaries, straw yards, and free-range systems.
Because egg laying strains of chickens can be kept in smaller group sizes in caged systems, cannibalism is reduced leading to a lowered trend in mortality as compared to non-cage systems. Cannibalism among flocks is highly variable and when it is not problematic, then mortalities among production systems are similar. Contents. History Beak trimming was developed at the Ohio Experiment Station in the 1930s.
The original technique was temporary, cutting approximately 6 mm (1/4 inch) off the beak. It was thought that the tip of the beak had no blood supply and presumably no sensation. The procedure was performed by hand with a sharp knife, either when deaths due to cannibalism became excessive, or when the problem was anticipated because of a history of cannibalism in the particular strain of chicken.
Cannibalism is a serious management problem dating back to the periods before intensive housing of poultry became popular. Poultry books written before describe the abnormal pecking of poultry: Chicks and adult birds' picking at each other until blood shows and then destroying one another by further picking is a source of great loss in many flocks, especially when kept in confinement.
The recommendation of the Ohio Experiment Station of cutting back the tip of the upper beak has been found to be effective until the beak grows out again. Cannibalism has two peaks in the life of a chicken; during the brooding period and at the onset of egg laying. The point-of-lay cannibalism is generally the most damaging and gets most of the attention. The temporary beak trimming developed at the Ohio Experiment Station assumed that cannibalism was a phase, and that blunting the beak temporarily would be adequate. Current methods and guidelines In recent years, the aim has been to develop more permanent beak trimming (although repeat trimming may be required), using electrically heated blades in a beak trimming machine, to provide a self-cauterizing cut.
There are currently (2012) four widely used methods of beak trimming: hot blade, cold blade (including or ), electrical (the Bio-beaker) and. The latter two methods usually remove only the tip of the beak and do not leave an open wound, therefore they may offer improvements in welfare. Other approaches such as the use of lasers, freeze drying and chemical retardation have been investigated but are not in widespread use. The infrared method directs a strong source of heat into the inner tissue of the beak and after a few weeks, the tip of the upper and lower beak dies and drops off making the beak shorter with blunt tips.
The Bio-beaker, which uses an electric current to burn a small hole in the upper beak, is the preferred method for trimming the beaks of turkeys. The Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC) wrote regarding beak trimming of turkeys that cold cutting was the most accurate method, but that substantial re-growth of the beak occurred; although the Bio-beaker limited beak re-growth, it was less accurate. It was considered that the hot cut was the most distressing procedure for turkeys.
In the UK, beak trimming of layer hens normally occurs at 1-day of age at the same time as the chick is being sexed and vaccinated. USA's guidelines suggest that in egg laying strains of chickens, the length of the upper beak distal from the nostrils that remains following trimming, should be 2 to 3 mm. In the UK, the stated: 'The accepted procedure is to remove not more than one third of the upper and lower beaks or not more than one third of the upper beak only' but went on to recommend: 'Where beak trimming is carried out, it should, wherever possible, be restricted to beak tipping; that is the blunting of the beak to remove the sharp point which can be the cause of the most severe damage to other birds.' Legislation. This section needs expansion. You can help.
(October 2015) Australia Beak trimming is banned in the. It is currently debated in parliament whether debeaking should be banned in and.
Denmark Beak trimming was used in Denmark until 2014 when it was phased out and made illegal. Sweden, Finland and Norway Beak trimming is illegal in these countries. Germany Agriculture Minister announced that Germany would phase out beak trimming by 2017 due to animal welfare concerns. Costs and benefits Costs The costs of beak trimming relate primarily to welfare concerns. These include acute stress, and acute, possibly chronic, following trimming. A bird’s ability to consume feed is impaired following beak trimming because of the new beak shape and pain. Most studies report reduced body weights and feed intake following beak trimming, however, by sexual maturity or peak egg production, growth rates are usually normal.
Weight losses were reduced in chicks that were beak trimmed by infrared compared with chicks trimmed by a hot-blade. The pain of beak trimming. Whether beak trimming causes pain is a hotly debated concern. It is a complex issue as it may involve acute and/or chronic pain, and depends on the age it is performed, the method of trimming and the length of beak that is removed. Beak trimming in the poultry industry usually occurs without at 1-day of age or when the chicks are very young, but can occur at a later age if an outbreak of feather pecking occurs, and in some cases, birds may be beak trimmed on repeated occasions.
Beak trimming is not permitted in the UK on meat chickens that are aged over 10 days. Acute pain The beak is a complex, functional organ with an extensive nervous supply including that sense pain and noxious stimuli. These would almost certainly be stimulated during beak trimming, indicating strongly that acute pain would be experienced. Behavioural evidence of pain after beak trimming in layer hen chicks has been based on the observed reduction in pecking behavior, reduced activity and social behavior, and increased sleep duration. In, beak-trimming by cauterization caused lower body weights and feed intake in the period just after beak trimming. Beak trimmed spent less time engaging in beak-related behaviours (preening, feeding, drinking, exploratory pecking) and more time resting than non-trimmed ducks in the days immediately post-trim. These differences disappeared by 1 week post-trim.
At 1 week post-trim the trimmed ducks weighed less than non-trimmed ducks, but this difference disappeared by 2 weeks post-trim. It is, however, unclear if the above changes in behaviour arise from pain or from a loss of sensitivity in the beak. Pecking force has been found to decrease after beak trimming in adult hens possibly indicating that hens are protecting a painful area from further stimulation. However, pecking force did not differ between chicks with or without minor beak-trims at 2 to 9 days of age, suggesting that chicks with minor beak-trims do not experience pain from the beak. Chronic pain Severe beak trimming, or beak trimming birds at an older age is thought to cause chronic pain. Following beak trimming of older or adult hens, the nociceptors in the beak stump show abnormal patterns of neural discharge, which indicate acute pain., tangled masses of swollen regenerating axon sprouts, are found in the healed stumps of birds beak trimmed at 5 weeks of age or older and in severely beak trimmed birds.
Neuromas have been associated with in human amputees and have therefore been linked to chronic pain in beak trimmed birds. If beak trimming is severe because of improper procedure or done in older birds, the neuromas will persist which suggests that beak trimmed older birds experience, although this has been debated. Benefits. Main article: The benefits of beak trimming are mainly welfare advantages for birds kept in close confinement, some of which directly relate to increases (or reduced decreases) in production. These include reduced feather pecking and cannibalism, better feather condition, less fearfulness and nervousness, less chronic stress, and decreased mortality. Alternatives A range of options have been proposed as possible alternatives to beak trimming including modifying the genetics of domesticated poultry to reduce cannibalistic tendencies.
For confined housing where light control is possible, lowering light intensity so that birds cannot see each other as easily reduces antagonistic encounters and aggressive behaviour. Enrichment devices, introduced at an early age, such as simple objects hung in a habitat, can reduce aggressive behavior. Dividing the population into smaller group sizes reduces cannibalism. Proper body weight management that avoids underweight pullets reduces the probability of underweight pullets with uterine prolapse that leads to. See also.
References. ^. ^ Hester, P.Y. And Shea-Moore, M., (2003). Beak trimming egg-laying strains of chickens.
World’s Poultry Science Journal, 59: 458-474. Gentle, M.J. And McKeegan, D.E.F., (2007). Evaluation of the effects of infrared beak trimming in broiler breeder chicks. Veterinary Record, 160: 145–148.
^. Hill, J.A., (1986). Egg production in alternative systems - a review of recent research in the UK. Research and Development in Agriculture, 3: 13-18. Gibson, S.W., Dun, P.
And Hughes, B.O., (1988). The performance and behaviour of laying fowls in a covered strawyard system. Research and Development in Agriculture, 5: 153-163. Keeling, L.J., Hughes, B.O. And Dun P., (1988).
Performance of free range laying hens in a polythene house and their behaviour on range. Farm Building Progress, 94: 21-28. ^ Appleby, M.C.
And Hughes B.O., (1991). Welfare of laying hens in cages and alternative systems: Environmental, physical and behavioural aspects. World's Poultry Science Journal, 47: 109-128.
Abrahamsson, P. And Tauson, R., (1995). Aviary systems and conventional cages for laying hens - effects on production, egg quality, health and bird location in 3 hybrids. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A-Animal Science, 45: 191-203. Kennard, D.C. Chicken Vices. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.
Jull, M.A., (1938). Poultry Husbandry, 2nd Edition. McGraw Hill, New York., page 346. AVMA (2010).
Retrieved November 23, 2015. ^ Glatz, P.C., (2005). Poultry Welfare Issues: Beak Trimming. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, United Kingdom. United Egg Producers Animal Husbandry Guidelines for U.S. Egg Laying Flocks, 2008. (PDF).
Retrieved 11 November 2011. ^ Gustafson, L.A., Cheng, H.W., Garner, J.P., Pajor, E.A.
And Mench, J.A., (2007). Effects of bill-trimming Muscovy ducks on behavior, body weight gain, and bill morphopathology. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 103: 59-74.
^ Lagana, C., Pizzolante, C.C., Togashi, C.K., Kakimoto, S.K., Saldanha, E.S.P.B. And Alvares, V., (2011). Beak trimming method and drinking system and their effect on the performance and egg quality of Japanese quails. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia-Brazilian Journal of Animal Science, 40: 1217-1221. Marchant-Forde, R.M. And Cheng, H.W., (2011).
Different effects of infrared and one-half hot blade beak trimming on beak topography and growth. Poultry Science, 89: 2559-2564.:.
Defra. ^ Breward, J., (1984).
Cutaneous nociceptors in the chicken beak. Proceedings of the Journal of Physiology, London 346: 56. Gentle, M.J., (1992). Pain in birds.
Animal Welfare, 1: 235-247. Gentle M.J., Hughes B.O. And Hubrecht R.C., (1982). The effect of beak-trimming on food-intake, feeding behaviour and body weight in adult hens. Applied Animal Ethology, 8: 147–157.
Duncan I.J.H., Slee G.S., Seawright E. And Breward J., (1989). Behavioural consequences of partial beak amputation (beak trimming) in poultry. British Poultry Science, 30: 479–488. Gentle M.J., Hunter L.N. And Waddington D., (1991). The onset of pain related behaviours following partial beak amputation in the chicken.
Neuroscience Letters, 128: 113–116. Gentle, M.J., Hughes, B.O., Fox, A. And Waddington, D., (1997). Behavioural and anatomical consequences of two beak trimming methods in 1- and 10-d-old domestic chicks. British Poultry Science, 38: 453-463.
Hughes, B.O. And Gentle, M.J., (1995). Beak trimming in poultry: Its implications for welfare.
World’s Poultry Science Journal, 51: 51–61. Freire, R., Glatz, P. And Hinch, G., (2008). Self-administration of an analgesic does not alleviate pain in beak trimmed chickens. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 21: 443–448.
Freire, R., Eastwood, M.A. And Joyce, M., (2011). Minor beak trimming in chickens leads to loss of mechanoreception and magnetoreception. Journal Animal Science, 89: 1201-1206. Breward, J., (1985).
An Electrophysiological Investigation of the Effects of Beak Trimming in the Domestic Fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus ). Thesis, University of Edinburgh. Gentle, M.J., (1986). Beak trimming in poultry. World’s Poultry Science Journal', 42: 268-275.
Breward, L. And Gentle, M.J., (1985). Neuroma formation and abnormal afferent nerve discharges after partial break amputation (beak trimming) in poultry. Experientia, 41: 1132-1134.:.
Devor, M. And Rappaport, Z.H., (1990). Pain Syndromes in Neurology., edited by H.L. Fields, Butterworths, London, p. 47. Lunam, C.A., Glatz, P.C.
And Hsu, Y-J., (1996). The absence of neuromas in beaks of adult hens after conservative trimming at hatch. Australian Veterinary Journal, 74: 46-49. Kuenzel, W.J. Neurobiological basis of sensory perception: welfare implications of beak trimming.
Poultry Science, 86: 1273-1282. Lambton, S.L., Knowles, T.G., Yorke, C. And Nicol, C.J., (2010). The risk factors affecting the development of gentle and severe feather pecking in loose housed laying hens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 123: 32–42 External links.
Dr. Glatz' study (2000).
Dr. Appleby's study (1991). opponent of debeaking. Opinion on Beak Trimming of Laying Hens.
Contents. 3rd paragraph The third paragraph presents the an opinion of proponents of debeaking while the opinion is in opposition to the process!??
— Preceding comment added by 01:30, 17 August 2017 (UTC) Misuses 'proponent.' By context, it should obviously be 'opponent.'
Citation Can we get a citation for the Appleby study? Since the article mentions his name and the date, publication info for the study would be useful. I'll look around. Thanks for changing boycott to eschew.I really couldn't think of a better word at the time. Here's what I found. I'm no good with these things, so I'm hoping someone else will put it into the article. Dr Michael C.
Appleby: 'The main injury caused by humans, knowingly rather than accidently, is beak trimming. It is now known to cause pain, in the short term and probably also in the long term, in a way similar to other amputations' (20). Appleby, Do Hens Suffer in Battery Cages? A Review of the Scientific Evidence Commissioned by the Athene Trust. Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, 1991. University of Edinburgh.
My source of this was: Image We should put an image up here. I found some good images on flikr but unfortunately not licensed accurately. If anyone can find an image that would be great.
18:51, 1 April 2008 (UTC) Debeaking and Cannibalism Is debeaking really to prevent cannibalism? I know that chickens raised in close quarters in a stressful environment peck at their neighbours. However, I was under the impression that the chickens don't eat each other; they just injure each other.
17:55, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC) Chickens will naturally peck each other in free-range conditions as part of naturally establishing a pecking order. Chickens in confined conditions will peck to show dominance, and because they feel cramped and confined, will continue to peck their neighbours in order to drive them off. If the pecked chicken can't move away, then it will continue to be attacked and injured. Injured chickens can get sick and die, and persistant bullies may kill their neighbours. Saying that beak-trimming/debeaking is to prevent cannibalism is probably a which is used to make the practice sound more justifiable. Saying that the practice is used to prevent 'cannabalism' sounds like it's much more vital than just preventing injuries.
Having said that, some chickens may well consume blood or flesh torn from an injured neighbour. Mind you, we're seeing spin from both sides of the fence here. 'Debeaking' sounds much more drastic than 'beak trimming', however when done properly the latter term is more accurate. Only the sharp tip of the beak is removed, and usually within the first few days after hatching. From an ethical and cruelty standpoint, it's possible to take either side.
If chickens are going to be kept in confined quarters, then it's arguably better to trim the beaks of birds rather than have them experience widespread injuries and infection. Done properly the birds don't suffer any lasting discomfort, and the beak does slowly grow back over time. I would argue that the crueler sides of beak trimming is that it significantly reduces a bird's ability to preen itself to remove mites, and that very often beak-trimming is not performed correctly, and too much of the beak is removed. This does cause permanent injury and disfigurement. Of course, the best ethical solution is not to keep chickens in such confined quarters, and if you must keep confined chickens, then to utilise breeds (such as ) that don't have a tendency to bully their neighbours. Currently I don't feel the article presents a. It's on my list of articles that I hope to expand an improve upon.
Unfortunately finding good neutral references can be extremely challenging. 16:14, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC) Even chickens left free to roam in the barnyard are usually debeaked and the spurs of roosters clipped. Confinement is not required to see chickens do serious damage to each other. Simply not spreading food widely enough can cause problems. Quite often than damage can be done to owners. Rooster spurs can do fairly serious damage at times and occasionally beaks get lucky as chickens do often go for the eyes. Debeaked its a minor scratch and bruise at most (barring an open eye hit) but beak intact they may rip a good strip off you or give you a 6-8mm puncture wound depending of course on the size of the chicken and how lucky a shot they get.
Yes chickens will kill and eat their dead. Chickens love worms and prefer meat in any form over seeds. Even in the wild the 'pecking order' (a real dominance and Darwin survival behavior) often results in the death of the weakest in the flock. Chickens will then eat their dead - as will many less complex carnivores and omnivores (lizards for example). Note the primary reasons for confinement have to do with harvesting chickens and predators and any health maintenance measures like dusting for parasites. Most breeds of domestic chickens stay close to free food and water sources - but catching free roaming chickens especially in huge flocks can be laborious and quite ugly for both sides. From a confinement farming standpoint, any restriction on 'personal space' will result in more dominance struggles as well as prolonged dominance struggles as hardwired dominance conditions are violated and the weak cannot rapidly retreat.
For this reason among many, extreme confinement is generally not profitable when confronted by first world standards standards for chickens intended for human consumption as too much disease and waste occurs.thus extreme confinement is often a sign of poor farming knowledge or bribes to inspectors to accept substandard meat. On the other hand some egg laying operations do make use of unusually tight confinement but also tend to spend more maintenance effort in keeping chickens healthy (fans to keep racks of chickens cool being just one example). Note that except for avoiding extreme confinement - you cannot really improve the healthy life span of a chicken short of making them a personal pet. In general as more natural conditions are allowed chicken find more sources of trouble such as natural predators and drowning in shallow waters. 'Organic free ranged' raised chickens are still raised in relative confinement - just a far lesser degree of confinement. True free ranged poultry is a hunter-gatherer or rodeo roundup situation at best and is not viable for feeding more than small villages - not commercially viable.
Furthermore Mentally a chicken free to run, fly, and explore is undoubtedly happier than one aware of being unable to escape from more dominant chickens, limits to its roaming, and outright restrains. However, how miserable a chicken can get is a matter of debate given that freedom to roam is connected primarily to searching for food and escaping more dominant chickens. Chickens tend not to run far in a barnyard. I suspect that a cage allowing physical exercise and stretching as well as separation from other chickens would come close to contentment. The question would be how quickly the chicken leaves the cage if you could quietly open the door without the chicken being aware of the change immediately (stressing the chicken over the door opening would violate the experiment). 20:49, 25 January 2012 (UTC) Made the entry more factual Hi, I found the current entry on debeaking extremely biased. Especially since the sources mentioned are more or less hippy 'save the animals!'
The only references to this Michael Appleby study I could find were on the peta & animal liberation front websites and similar places. They all cited the study, but not a single source was linked. I managed to track down the study here: I was mostly interested in the pain of debeaking so I tracked down a study that was done in 2000 about animal welfare: And it shows quite a few different results than cited in the wikipedia entry and the places it was copied from.
In this study the advantages of debeaking are discussed and found positive in comparison to the alternative, which is cannibalism among stressed animals. The sources for the pain of trimming in particular, is from a study from 1996 that the '91 Appleby report could not have known about.
The study is a lot more detailed and even has experiments on what happens to birds that are debeaked at different ages, what the angle of the debeaking does, the temperature the blade should be at, a history of beak-trimming, Cauterising time, best practices and lots of alternatives to it. It mentions cannibalism repeatedly, so I'm assuming this is what they mean. I would think chickens only pecked each other to death, but apparently they eat each other too. I'm going to fix the entry, I just hope it's sufficiently low traffic that peta fanatics aren't going to change it back right away:P I have reverted the recent additions by user:80.166.147.120.
They seemed to be valuable information, but were not written from a NPOV. I regret that I do not have time or expertise to rewrite them. Perhaps user:80.166.147.120 can? 06:34, 25 March 2006 (UTC) Gee, thanks. And the previous version where the only source is PETA websites, that was perfectly objective? I'm not some meat-loving madman, you know.
I found the previous entry completely out of touch with reality as the only science behind it was a 15 year old study that was not thoroughly done. I included all my sources for this where the science is a lot more sound, the Glantz study used over 10 different studies from 94-98 to come to the conclusions about the pain of debeaking.
Update: Okay, I resubmitted the entry now. I removed the offending word 'propaganda' and adjusted a few other things. The last section of the article ought to read as more neutral now. I just wanted to include the PETA version since it seems much more popular on the internet:) I was not saying that the previous version was objective. I was saying that your changes could have been written in a slightly more neutral tone. I am glad you have made some changes, and I have tried to make some more, hopefully heading in the right direction.
Perhaps we could collaborate on getting this right? 10:07, 26 March 2006 (UTC) Sounds good. Collaboration is a good thing:) I rewrote a lot this time. I honestly don't like the way you are trying to polarize the entire article by dividing people into supporters and opponents as if everything can be seen from two different points of view and the reader should decide themselves. That's not how science works, it is not a democratic process where you can vote on what you think reality should be like.
Some things are just facts, and I think it's those we should try to convey in this article. The welfare thing is debatable to a certain point, scientists tend to think that animals should be healthy and not in pain, activists tend to think animals should be happy and free as well. But things such as the pain and duration of the pain, those are measurable values and not up for discussion.
The discussions of the pain caused are between scientists and activists, not between scientists. There is no dispute about the chronic pain. Chronic pain was suggested by the 91 study and later studies have shown that the pain is not chronic since it goes away. (Chronic does not go away) Another example: There are different views on the pain caused by debeaking. Some say that the pain is comparable to having a human fingernail removed by the quick of the nail; it is brief and does not leave lasting problems. Others say that the pain of debeaking is acute, but passes after a few minutes, thus enabling the bird to behave normally.
Looks like this sentence has been changed frequently. How about we remove it altogether? This sentence has no reference, first of all, and second of all, I really do not think it is scientifically arguable that a human could 'guess' at what the pain of having a beak removed would feel like.
I certainly have never had my beak removed, you? 18:28, 1 April 2008 (UTC) Having the nail removed by the quick and having acute pain is the same thing. By polarizing the article you also unfortunately end up claiming things that are factually incorrect. As an example, Supporters of debeaking argue that the measure is therefore a positive welfare measure. Opponments of debeaking suggest that steps should be taken to address the causes of feather pecking and cannibalism.
That is just blatantly not true. Supporters of debeaking ALSO say this is a last resort, and they provide many alternatives as I have pointed out. These people are scientists, they look at all the options and examine them.
Also, the farmers themselves have an interest in keeping their birds healthy and productive and a lot of the non-debeaking measures are cheaper and easier to do than to debeak every single bird. There is way too much of 'some people think and say' in this article for it to be scientifically sound. I know there is a great debate between scientists and animal activists, but I think that science should take precedence in the factual section of the article and then we can put the discussion in a separate section, perhaps? I honestly was not sure how to fix all the many changes you made, so I reverted to the old version and tried to add some of the things you bring up and put some things in the right places as you have done (like listing alternatives all in one place). I hope we can progress from here. (I do apologize if the tone is a bit harsh, I merely wanted to point out that science should be the foundation of this topic and I get so many people around me trying to divide everything into friends and enemies, black and white, so I might have a bit of a short fuse for that sort of thing. I realize it may not have been your intent to make the article look that way.) OK, I will try to add some back in, though I take your point on how the sceinmce should be portrayed.
Without being an expert on the science, I cannot argue about that - just about how it is described! I think the article should cover the debate as it exists, but accept that my first stab nneds to be improved on! A number of points: I think the article should be clear that 'chronic pain' is a definitional issue. Following your methodology, I am not sure that the final section cannot be substantially edited down. 13:59, 26 March 2006 (UTC) I'm glad we agree on the science. I'd also like to note that unless we can find a more recent credible scientific study to contradict or give a more detailed explanation of any of the science in the report I found, I think we should accept that this is what science says is our current best definition of reality. You don't need to be an expert on anything, all you have to do is read the studies, that's what I did.
I didn't know a thing about debeaking until I researched it a few days ago. It took me some time to dig past the newage activist smoke & mirrors, but I found a few studies and the Glatz was by far the most thorough one on the subject. I checked out a few of its sources as well and they look credible too.
I'm not quite sure what you mean about the 'chronic pain' comment. Chronic pain is not a definitional issue, is already nicely defined. I'm open to suggestions about the final section, I meant to keep it there in the hopes that someone who stumbles across wikipedia will become informed that most of the other, somewhat contradictory articles on debeaking found on many other online encyclopedias and dictionaries are in fact ripped right from the PETA webpage, and that what little science it does hold is 15 years old and has been discredited by new discoveries. In a perfect world, the final section wouldn't even have to be there, but exactly because that quoted section is not scientifically sound and is much more prevalent on the internet, I thought it would be good to keep it. References. H. Blokhuis and J.
Van Der Haar, 'Effects of floor type during rearing and of beak trimming on ground pecking and feather pecking in laying hens,' Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Volume 22, Issues 3-4, April 1989, Pages 359-369. Lee, 'Beak trimming and genetic stock effects on behavior and mortality from cannibalism in White Leghorn-type pullets,' Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Volume 25, Issues 1-2, January 1990, Pages 107-123. Hughes and R. Hubrecht, 'The effect of beak trimming on food intake, feeding behaviour and body weight in adult hens,' Applied Animal Ethology, Volume 8, Issues 1-2, January 1982, Pages 147-159. Hughes, 'Anatomical consequences of partial beak amputation (beak trimming) in turkeys,' Research in Veterinary Science, Volume 58, Issue 2, March 1995, Pages 158-162. Glatz, 'Beak Trimming Methods - Review,' Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, Volume 13, Issue 11, November 2000, Pages 1619-1637. Glatz (Ed.), Poultry Welfare Issues: Beak Trimming, Nottingham University Press, 2005.
Hester and M. Shea-Moore, 'Beak trimming egg-laying strains of chickens,' World's Poultry Science Journal, Volume 59, Number 4, December 2003, pp. Honaker and P.L. Ruszler, 'The effect of claw and beak reduction on growth parameters and fearfulness of two leghorn strains,' Poultry Science, Volume 83, Issue 6, June 2004, Pages 873-881. Jendral and F.E.
Robinson, 'Beak trimming in chickens: Historical, economical, physiological and welfare implications, and alternatives for preventing feather pecking and cannibalistic activity,' Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews, Volume 15, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 9-23. Jones, et al., 'Feather pecking in poultry: The application of science in a search for practical solutions,' Animal Welfare, Volume 13, Issue SUPPL., February 2004, Pages S215-S219.
Persyn, K.E., et al., 'Feeding behaviors of laying hens with or without beak trimming,' Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Volume 47, Issue 2, March 2004, Pages 591-596. Prescott and R.H.C. Bonser, 'Beak trimming reduces feeding efficiency of hens,' Journal of Applied Poultry Research, Volume 13, Issue 3, September 2004, Pages 468-471. Savory, 'Laying hen welfare standards: A classic case of 'power to the people,' Animal Welfare, Volume 13, Issue SUPPL., February 2004, Pages S153-S158.
Retrieved April 22, 2008. Retrieved May 18, 2008. Retrieved May 19, 2008. Santigold santigold full album.
Van Liere, 'Responsiveness to a novel preening stimulus long after partial beak amputation (beak trimming) in laying hens,' Behavioural Processes, Volume 34, Issue 2, July 1995, Pages 169-174. Workman and L. Rogers, 'Pecking preferences in young chicks: Effects of nutritive reward and beak-trimming,' Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Volume 26, Issues 1-2, March 1990, Pages 115-126. Recent Additions 'The fitting of 'bits' to deter pecking.' This makes no sense. Needs more detail.
'Others are less contentious, but carry significant cost implications:' I disagree. Changing the light intensity, dividing the flock or adding bits of grass and lettuce to the pen is not exactly a budget-shaking decision. Changing the environment around chickens is a one-time investment. Have tried to modify to take account of this. 09:03, 8 April 2006 (UTC) 'Animal Activist' section Unless someone can post here and tell me why I shouldn't, I'm going to remove the entire section and reformat it as an 'Arguments against Debeaking' section. As it is right now, it was extremely obvious to me (a first time reader of the page) that it wasn't written by someone attempting to be neutral.
Everything from the title of the section to the way that the section is laid out is a NPOV violation. 03:39, 1 June 2006 (UTC) Be and do it - probably worded better!
20:15, 1 June 2006 (UTC) NPOV dispute The article, in its current form, strikes me as rather POV - it essentially reiterates all the reasoning of the proponents of debeaking ('welfare measure', 'to control stress', 'after a few minutes, the bird behaves normally' etc.) and then sums up the opponent's arguments in an 'Animal Activist Version of Debeaking'. The title of that section alone is POV; 'activist' is a loaded word, and the term 'version' implies that this is an intentionally warped version of the facts presented to further an agenda. What's more, that section doesn't even really discuss the 'animal activist version' - instead, it reiterates some claims and then proceeds to explain why they allegedly do not correspond to reality.
I cannot and do not want to comment on the practice of debeaking as such, but the article in its current form.badly. needs to be rewritten. We are an encyclopedia, after all, not propaganda material - neither for animal rights groups nor for the poultry industry. ( ) 15:07, 13 July 2006 (UTC) My, this is a piece of junk, sheer propoganda including lots of outright false and uncited claims. —The preceding comment was added by 18:04, 8 January 2007 (UTC). The activist section needs reworking. The rest isn't biased.
It is a welfare measure. Whether it's effective to that end is a matter of controversy, but the nature of the goal isn't disputed. It's not performed for the hell of it, or because farmers derive pleasure from torturing animals. 21:26, 14 January 2007 (UTC) The line that debeaking is a 'last resort' isn't true in the U.S., where debeaking is an accepted practice. If the context is the U.S., the statement presents either a level of reluctance or a level of hypocrisy that isn't actually present. Don't know about other countries. 02:42, 6 July 2007 (UTC) I removed the NPOV warning, etc.
On this page because it's gotten a lot better. Lots of references, etc. 17:57, 4 August 2007 (UTC) December 04, 2007 NPOV dispute Reading this portion of the article actually pushed me to look up how to set up a NPOV dispute. To me, the article out right accuses anyone who believes that debeaking is inhumane of thinking of farmers as dim-witted. This is just silly. The article itself lists a wide variety of options other than debeaking that can prevent cannibalism.therefore, i think it is biased to say that anyone who doesn't assume the POV that debeaking is the best solution considers farmers to be idiots or inherently unethical goes too far. —Preceding comment added by 08:16, 4 December 2007 (UTC) I've made an attempt to make the arguments against section more neutral, by removing some loaded language (like paternalism) and the charge that farmers who debeak are dim-witted, which seems to be a very loaded way to characterize the ASPCA's position.
21:45, 30 April 2008 (UTD) —Preceding comment added by Slanted Article I don't have time to fix the article or even finish reading it, but the first line of the 'history' heading is strongly biased, calling the process 'barbaric and heartless'. It should probably be edited slightly to at least call the process something more neutral, allowing the later facts about the pain it can cause to speak for themselves. 03:24, 2 February 2011 (UTC) Agreed. The 'barbaric and heartless' wording was only added a few days ago. I've reverted it to the previous, long-standing version. 09:40, 2 February 2011 (UTC) Please can we change the name of this article?
The word 'debeaking' is both inaccurate and in my view, borderline propoganda. The beak is not removed during this practice, only a portion is removed, therefore it can not be called 'debeaking'.
The term 'beak-trimming' is considerably more accurate. I can't but help feel it is used by people who wish to make an emotional statement about this practice which does not help in the debate if the inaccuracy is being perpetuated by Wikipedia.
Please note, I am not defending beak-trimming, rather that we need to be accurate in the terms we use. 18:26, 10 November 2011 (UTC) By all means, list the article at if you believe that it should be moved, though I expect that it may elicit some discussion. Have a read of first. I'm by no means an expert in this area (I'm aware that the practice occurs and have read the article here, but that's about it) - what do people in the poultry industry/people who actually do this most commonly refer to the act of removing part of a chicken's beak as? - 18:39, 10 November 2011 (UTC) Also, it might be worth pinging and for input on the matter.
18:42, 10 November 2011 (UTC) I will check out those sections.thanks for the information. I work in the science of animal welfare, particularly poultry, and here in the UK, scientists and the layer industry would never (never say never!) use the term debeaking. It may persist in the US, but the scientists I know over there would not use the term.
I actually feel much of this article needs a bit of an overhaul/update. 18:48, 10 November 2011 (UTC) Foot notes or references? Aren't the 'Footnotes' in this article really 'References'? — Preceding comment added by (. ) 13:26, 11 November 2011 (UTC) Undue weight on 'pain' POV disguised as 'costs'. Right, yeah, the number of column-inches devoted to 'pain' is excessive and undue weight.
The section needs some trimming as well as some care taken to present the admittedly-valid issue with avoidance of a POV suggestion or tone. Also, the section about pain seems to be disguised with the misleading name 'Costs and benefits'. 'Costs' are generally expected to be costs to the farmers, while the text seems to take it in part as an excuse to natter on about 'costs' to the feelings of un-invested observers (i.e. 'animal lovers', PETA's, etc.) or to the birds themselves. What is debutante ball. 23:36, 22 November 2015 (UTC) Cost:benefit analysis usually applies to all stake-holders. In discussions of animal welfare, the animals are obviously stake holders as, in this case, they are having part of their anatomy removed.
You are incorrect in thinking that costs are generally expected to be costs to the producers. DrChrissy 00:57, 23 November 2015 (UTC) Actually, I'm not hard-over on the misnaming of the section, I just thought it looked like the motive (of the misnaming) was to try to disguise an over-large quantity of 'pain text' so it looked more includable. Whether there was such an attempt to cover-up isn't really that important.
Even if the material was validly label-able as 'cost-benefit analysis', it's still hugely. Fortunately, it's easy to solve the problem of whether cost-benefit analysis would include un-invested 'stakeholders'. Just rename the section to something else mutually acceptable, which I'm fine with. The real problem is the number of column-inches and over-detail for 'pain text' which really only calls for a short paragraph explaining that some view some forms of the practice as inhumane, and then maybe give an example or two.
The present overplay of the matter thus conveys a non-neutral POV. 03:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC) Recent disruptive edits @: IP, you are making a series of recent edits that are becoming disruptive. You are close to.
Your latest edit where you deleted a 'Nutty overstatement' was infact a quote from the cited document written by the AVMA. Please explain why you have deleted this. DrChrissy 22:56, 23 November 2015 (UTC) Includability requires more than 'Somebody said it and I like it'. It was indeed 'nutty' (IMO) and an overstatement and totally out of place for the article for the reasons we've discussed. It's not includable and it's also more evidence of your inability to control your POV for the sake of an article that's supposed to be NPOV. 23:50, 23 November 2015 (UTC) Just to be clear, are you calling the AVMA 'nutty' for making the statement, or, are you calling me 'nutty' for including a quote from the AVMA. DrChrissy 23:58, 23 November 2015 (UTC) The statement was not includable in this article in the context it was in - regardless of how nutty or non-nutty it might have been in its original context.
It's fair to describe melodramatic overstatements as 'nutty', IMHO. The statement in its context appeared as a melodramatic overstatement, and hence was called 'nutty' in the edit summary. I won't play any more such head games with you, it's all very non-productive. The purpose of a talk page is to discuss editing of the article, not to obsess about such melodramatic ('nutty'?) digressions.
01:05, 24 November 2015 (UTC) (new account for 108.7.229.92) You are correct - the purpose of the page and the edit summaries is to discuss content for the article. However, there are certain rules of that must be followed in such discussions. You may consider it 'fair' to call my edit 'nutty'. I consider it to be a.
I urge you to read the articles I have linked to and adjust your behaviour accordingly. DrChrissy 16:18, 24 November 2015 (UTC) I don't appreciate your attempt to misrepresent ordinary discussion of subject text as 'personal attack'. You're obsessing on a, a simple justified description (of words!) - that you didn't like. If you want to continue to taunt, misdirect, or otherwise try to draw me into an actual personal attack, sure, give it a try, but you should move it to my or your talk page. 00:29, 25 November 2015 (UTC) You called my edit 'nutty'. That is a personal attack. I hardly think a couple of posts on here can be construed as 'obsessing' about this, however, you are probably correct in that I should address your incivil behaviour on your talk page, rather than here.
While I am contemplating that, please would you post your objections to the edits that lead to you hatting the article as POV. Could you also please direct me to where your indentation format is suggested - this is new to me. DrChrissy 00:45, 25 November 2015 (UTC) Nice try, but enough is enough, pal. Take it to the personal talk pages. 03:08, 25 November 2015 (UTC) It's hard to avoid calling it.
I just looked up 'POV-pushing' and it's supposedly a pejorative and should be used carefully. I mean to use it here only as a descriptive (not a pejorative). It seems to me that is making lots of effort to retain some charged text supporting his/her POV. I've attempted to remove it using reasons other than 'POV-pushing' such as, uncited, etc.
(see edit summaries), but fundamentally it comes off as 'POV-pushing' and very unencyclopedic. In the process, he/she has demonstrated an unabashed POV here on the talk page ('animals are obviously stakeholders', etc.) and in the edit summaries. While such passion for a subject is normal and good, passion often comes with POV (and vice versa). We all have our POVs and we all strive to keep POV tone out of the text we make. But, has been unwilling or unable to put his/her POV aside in the crafting of NPOV text here. I suggest he/she refrain (self-ban) the editing of this page for that reason.
Has had similar troubles in the past resulting in a (current) subject-matter ban. 23:38, 23 November 2015 (UTC) I have to say that is rather a combative and inflammatory posting, especially considering I have just opened a thread to cordially discuss disputed content. Please could you articulate what POV you believe I am pushing? DrChrissy 23:54, 23 November 2015 (UTC) Again, please forgive the 'POV-pushing' terminology, it's supposedly pejorative, but I mean it as a simple descriptive, I know no other term for it.
I don't think so, is that itself inflammatory:-)? Standing up solidly for the importance of neutrality? 00:09, 24 November 2015 (UTC) I have threaded your reply - I hope you don't mind. Please, I will say this again as your answer is paramount for this discussion, what POV do you think I am pushing? DrChrissy 01:09, 24 November 2015 (UTC) If you will, I undid the re-threading as unnecessary.
OP usually occupies left-most in my experience, it avoids over-rapid progression to the right. Like I said above (previous section), head games are non-productive. It's not other people's responsibility to educate you on what makes for POV and what makes for NPOV. Purpose of a talk page is to discuss edits to a page, not to taunt and draw-out people into pointlessness.
Keep the talk page 'on-topic', please. 01:30, 24 November 2015 (UTC) Are you the IP from above in this thread? DrChrissy 01:42, 24 November 2015 (UTC) Yes, I mentioned it in the section above.
I should have mentioned it again here. 03:15, 24 November 2015 (UTC).
An adult bird which has been beak-trimmed as a chick Debeaking, is the partial removal of the of, especially and although it may also be performed on and. Most commonly, the beak is shortened permanently, although regrowth can occur. The trimmed lower beak is somewhat longer than the upper beak. Beak trimming is most common in egg-laying strains of chickens. In some countries such as the United States, turkeys routinely have their beaks trimmed, however, in the UK, only 10% of turkeys are beak trimmed. Beak trimming is a preventive measure to reduce damage caused by injurious pecking such as, and, and thereby improve livability. Commercial broiler chickens are not routinely beak trimmed as they reach slaughter weight at approximately 6 weeks of age, i.e.
Before injurious pecking usually begins. However, broiler breeding stock may be trimmed to prevent damage during mating. In some countries, beak trimming is done as a last resort where alternatives are considered not to be possible or appropriate.
Proponents of beak trimming state that the practice reduces problem pecking by minor amounts compared to the trauma, injury, and harm done to the entire flock by beak trimming. Reduction is in single digit percentiles, whereas improvement of conditions especially in layer colonies will cease problematic behavior entirely. – Beak trimming has been banned in Switzerland since 1992 and will be phased out in Germany by 2017. In close confinement, feather pecking and aggression are common among turkeys, and egg laying strains of chickens of many breeds (including both heritage breeds and modern ). The tendency to cannibalism and feather pecking varies among different strains of chickens, but does not manifest itself consistently. Some flocks of the same breed may be entirely free from cannibalism, while others, under the same management, may have a serious outbreak. Mortalities mainly due to cannibalism can be up to 15% in egg laying flocks housed in aviaries, straw yards, and free-range systems.
Because egg laying strains of chickens can be kept in smaller group sizes in caged systems, cannibalism is reduced leading to a lowered trend in mortality as compared to non-cage systems. Cannibalism among flocks is highly variable and when it is not problematic, then mortalities among production systems are similar. Contents. History Beak trimming was developed at the Ohio Experiment Station in the 1930s.
The original technique was temporary, cutting approximately 6 mm (1/4 inch) off the beak. It was thought that the tip of the beak had no blood supply and presumably no sensation.
The procedure was performed by hand with a sharp knife, either when deaths due to cannibalism became excessive, or when the problem was anticipated because of a history of cannibalism in the particular strain of chicken. Cannibalism is a serious management problem dating back to the periods before intensive housing of poultry became popular. Poultry books written before describe the abnormal pecking of poultry: Chicks and adult birds' picking at each other until blood shows and then destroying one another by further picking is a source of great loss in many flocks, especially when kept in confinement. The recommendation of the Ohio Experiment Station of cutting back the tip of the upper beak has been found to be effective until the beak grows out again. Cannibalism has two peaks in the life of a chicken; during the brooding period and at the onset of egg laying.
The point-of-lay cannibalism is generally the most damaging and gets most of the attention. The temporary beak trimming developed at the Ohio Experiment Station assumed that cannibalism was a phase, and that blunting the beak temporarily would be adequate.
Current methods and guidelines In recent years, the aim has been to develop more permanent beak trimming (although repeat trimming may be required), using electrically heated blades in a beak trimming machine, to provide a self-cauterizing cut. There are currently (2012) four widely used methods of beak trimming: hot blade, cold blade (including or ), electrical (the Bio-beaker) and.
The latter two methods usually remove only the tip of the beak and do not leave an open wound, therefore they may offer improvements in welfare. Other approaches such as the use of lasers, freeze drying and chemical retardation have been investigated but are not in widespread use. The infrared method directs a strong source of heat into the inner tissue of the beak and after a few weeks, the tip of the upper and lower beak dies and drops off making the beak shorter with blunt tips. The Bio-beaker, which uses an electric current to burn a small hole in the upper beak, is the preferred method for trimming the beaks of turkeys. The Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC) wrote regarding beak trimming of turkeys that cold cutting was the most accurate method, but that substantial re-growth of the beak occurred; although the Bio-beaker limited beak re-growth, it was less accurate. It was considered that the hot cut was the most distressing procedure for turkeys. In the UK, beak trimming of layer hens normally occurs at 1-day of age at the same time as the chick is being sexed and vaccinated.
USA's guidelines suggest that in egg laying strains of chickens, the length of the upper beak distal from the nostrils that remains following trimming, should be 2 to 3 mm. In the UK, the stated: 'The accepted procedure is to remove not more than one third of the upper and lower beaks or not more than one third of the upper beak only' but went on to recommend: 'Where beak trimming is carried out, it should, wherever possible, be restricted to beak tipping; that is the blunting of the beak to remove the sharp point which can be the cause of the most severe damage to other birds.' Legislation.
Debeaking In Poultry
This section needs expansion. You can help. (October 2015) Australia Beak trimming is banned in the. It is currently debated in parliament whether debeaking should be banned in and. Denmark Beak trimming was used in Denmark until 2014 when it was phased out and made illegal. Sweden, Finland and Norway Beak trimming is illegal in these countries. Germany Agriculture Minister announced that Germany would phase out beak trimming by 2017 due to animal welfare concerns.
Costs and benefits Costs The costs of beak trimming relate primarily to welfare concerns. These include acute stress, and acute, possibly chronic, following trimming. A bird’s ability to consume feed is impaired following beak trimming because of the new beak shape and pain. Most studies report reduced body weights and feed intake following beak trimming, however, by sexual maturity or peak egg production, growth rates are usually normal. Weight losses were reduced in chicks that were beak trimmed by infrared compared with chicks trimmed by a hot-blade. The pain of beak trimming. Whether beak trimming causes pain is a hotly debated concern.
It is a complex issue as it may involve acute and/or chronic pain, and depends on the age it is performed, the method of trimming and the length of beak that is removed. Beak trimming in the poultry industry usually occurs without at 1-day of age or when the chicks are very young, but can occur at a later age if an outbreak of feather pecking occurs, and in some cases, birds may be beak trimmed on repeated occasions. Beak trimming is not permitted in the UK on meat chickens that are aged over 10 days.
Acute pain The beak is a complex, functional organ with an extensive nervous supply including that sense pain and noxious stimuli. These would almost certainly be stimulated during beak trimming, indicating strongly that acute pain would be experienced. Behavioural evidence of pain after beak trimming in layer hen chicks has been based on the observed reduction in pecking behavior, reduced activity and social behavior, and increased sleep duration. In, beak-trimming by cauterization caused lower body weights and feed intake in the period just after beak trimming. Beak trimmed spent less time engaging in beak-related behaviours (preening, feeding, drinking, exploratory pecking) and more time resting than non-trimmed ducks in the days immediately post-trim.
These differences disappeared by 1 week post-trim. At 1 week post-trim the trimmed ducks weighed less than non-trimmed ducks, but this difference disappeared by 2 weeks post-trim. It is, however, unclear if the above changes in behaviour arise from pain or from a loss of sensitivity in the beak. Pecking force has been found to decrease after beak trimming in adult hens possibly indicating that hens are protecting a painful area from further stimulation. However, pecking force did not differ between chicks with or without minor beak-trims at 2 to 9 days of age, suggesting that chicks with minor beak-trims do not experience pain from the beak. Chronic pain Severe beak trimming, or beak trimming birds at an older age is thought to cause chronic pain.
Following beak trimming of older or adult hens, the nociceptors in the beak stump show abnormal patterns of neural discharge, which indicate acute pain., tangled masses of swollen regenerating axon sprouts, are found in the healed stumps of birds beak trimmed at 5 weeks of age or older and in severely beak trimmed birds. Neuromas have been associated with in human amputees and have therefore been linked to chronic pain in beak trimmed birds. If beak trimming is severe because of improper procedure or done in older birds, the neuromas will persist which suggests that beak trimmed older birds experience, although this has been debated. Benefits.
Main article: The benefits of beak trimming are mainly welfare advantages for birds kept in close confinement, some of which directly relate to increases (or reduced decreases) in production. These include reduced feather pecking and cannibalism, better feather condition, less fearfulness and nervousness, less chronic stress, and decreased mortality. Alternatives A range of options have been proposed as possible alternatives to beak trimming including modifying the genetics of domesticated poultry to reduce cannibalistic tendencies. For confined housing where light control is possible, lowering light intensity so that birds cannot see each other as easily reduces antagonistic encounters and aggressive behaviour.
Enrichment devices, introduced at an early age, such as simple objects hung in a habitat, can reduce aggressive behavior. Dividing the population into smaller group sizes reduces cannibalism.
Proper body weight management that avoids underweight pullets reduces the probability of underweight pullets with uterine prolapse that leads to. See also. References. ^. ^ Hester, P.Y.
And Shea-Moore, M., (2003). Beak trimming egg-laying strains of chickens. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 59: 458-474. Gentle, M.J. And McKeegan, D.E.F., (2007). Evaluation of the effects of infrared beak trimming in broiler breeder chicks.
Veterinary Record, 160: 145–148. ^. Hill, J.A., (1986). Egg production in alternative systems - a review of recent research in the UK. Research and Development in Agriculture, 3: 13-18. Gibson, S.W., Dun, P.
And Hughes, B.O., (1988). The performance and behaviour of laying fowls in a covered strawyard system.
Research and Development in Agriculture, 5: 153-163. Keeling, L.J., Hughes, B.O.
And Dun P., (1988). Performance of free range laying hens in a polythene house and their behaviour on range. Farm Building Progress, 94: 21-28. ^ Appleby, M.C. And Hughes B.O., (1991).
Welfare of laying hens in cages and alternative systems: Environmental, physical and behavioural aspects. World's Poultry Science Journal, 47: 109-128. Abrahamsson, P. And Tauson, R., (1995). Aviary systems and conventional cages for laying hens - effects on production, egg quality, health and bird location in 3 hybrids.
Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A-Animal Science, 45: 191-203. Kennard, D.C.
Chicken Vices. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station. Jull, M.A., (1938).
Poultry Husbandry, 2nd Edition. McGraw Hill, New York., page 346. AVMA (2010).
Retrieved November 23, 2015. ^ Glatz, P.C., (2005). Poultry Welfare Issues: Beak Trimming. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, United Kingdom. United Egg Producers Animal Husbandry Guidelines for U.S. Egg Laying Flocks, 2008. (PDF).
Retrieved 11 November 2011. ^ Gustafson, L.A., Cheng, H.W., Garner, J.P., Pajor, E.A. And Mench, J.A., (2007).
Effects of bill-trimming Muscovy ducks on behavior, body weight gain, and bill morphopathology. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 103: 59-74. ^ Lagana, C., Pizzolante, C.C., Togashi, C.K., Kakimoto, S.K., Saldanha, E.S.P.B. And Alvares, V., (2011).
Beak trimming method and drinking system and their effect on the performance and egg quality of Japanese quails. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia-Brazilian Journal of Animal Science, 40: 1217-1221. Marchant-Forde, R.M. And Cheng, H.W., (2011). Different effects of infrared and one-half hot blade beak trimming on beak topography and growth.
Poultry Science, 89: 2559-2564.:. Defra.
^ Breward, J., (1984). Cutaneous nociceptors in the chicken beak. Proceedings of the Journal of Physiology, London 346: 56. Gentle, M.J., (1992).
Pain in birds. Animal Welfare, 1: 235-247.
Gentle M.J., Hughes B.O. And Hubrecht R.C., (1982). The effect of beak-trimming on food-intake, feeding behaviour and body weight in adult hens.
Applied Animal Ethology, 8: 147–157. Duncan I.J.H., Slee G.S., Seawright E. And Breward J., (1989).
Behavioural consequences of partial beak amputation (beak trimming) in poultry. British Poultry Science, 30: 479–488. Gentle M.J., Hunter L.N. And Waddington D., (1991).
The onset of pain related behaviours following partial beak amputation in the chicken. Neuroscience Letters, 128: 113–116. Gentle, M.J., Hughes, B.O., Fox, A. And Waddington, D., (1997). Behavioural and anatomical consequences of two beak trimming methods in 1- and 10-d-old domestic chicks.
British Poultry Science, 38: 453-463. Hughes, B.O. And Gentle, M.J., (1995). Beak trimming in poultry: Its implications for welfare. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 51: 51–61. Freire, R., Glatz, P.
And Hinch, G., (2008). Self-administration of an analgesic does not alleviate pain in beak trimmed chickens. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 21: 443–448. Freire, R., Eastwood, M.A.
And Joyce, M., (2011). Minor beak trimming in chickens leads to loss of mechanoreception and magnetoreception.
Journal Animal Science, 89: 1201-1206. Breward, J., (1985). An Electrophysiological Investigation of the Effects of Beak Trimming in the Domestic Fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus ). Thesis, University of Edinburgh. Gentle, M.J., (1986). Beak trimming in poultry. World’s Poultry Science Journal', 42: 268-275.
Breward, L. And Gentle, M.J., (1985). Neuroma formation and abnormal afferent nerve discharges after partial break amputation (beak trimming) in poultry.
Experientia, 41: 1132-1134.:. Devor, M. And Rappaport, Z.H., (1990). Pain Syndromes in Neurology., edited by H.L. Fields, Butterworths, London, p. 47.
Lunam, C.A., Glatz, P.C. And Hsu, Y-J., (1996).
The absence of neuromas in beaks of adult hens after conservative trimming at hatch. Australian Veterinary Journal, 74: 46-49. Kuenzel, W.J. Neurobiological basis of sensory perception: welfare implications of beak trimming.
Poultry Science, 86: 1273-1282. Lambton, S.L., Knowles, T.G., Yorke, C. And Nicol, C.J., (2010). The risk factors affecting the development of gentle and severe feather pecking in loose housed laying hens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 123: 32–42 External links. Dr.
Glatz' study (2000). Dr.
Appleby's study (1991). opponent of debeaking.
Opinion on Beak Trimming of Laying Hens.